![]() The Bohr model is no longer thought to be accurate, particularly as it pertains to how the electrons orbit the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles. When an electron jumps from a higher energy orbit to a lower energy orbit, the atom releases electromagnetic radiation. In this model - referred to as the Bohr model - the orbits furthest from the nucleus contain the greatest amount of energy. In the early days of atomic study, scientists believed that an atom's electrons circled the nucleus in spherical orbits at specific distances, much like planets circle a sun. Protons and neutrons are thought to be made up of quarks, so they are not elementary particles. An electron is also an elementary particle, which means that it is not made up of smaller components. They exist outside of the nucleus, are significantly smaller in mass and exhibit both wave-like and particle-like characteristics. When an atom has the same number of protons and electrons, it is in a neutral state.Įlectrons are unique from the other particles in multiple ways. A proton has a positive charge that counters the electron's negative charge. ![]() Together, electrons, protons and neutrons form an atom's nucleus. An electron that is bound to an atom is one of the three primary types of particles within the atom - the other two are protons and neutrons. Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom based on these findings.An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free (not bound). Rutherford’s gold foil experiment demonstrated that the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, densely packed, positively charged nucleus. Cathode ray particles became well-known and were given the name electrons. Scientists gradually accepted Thomson’s discoveries. Cathode rays are particles that are negatively charged. This meant that the cathode ray was made up of negatively charged particles. The cathode ray was redirected from the negatively charged to the positively charged electric plate. Thomson used two oppositely charged electric plates to surround the cathode ray. Because the particle beam, or ‘cathode ray,’ originates at the cathode, the tubes are known as cathode ray tubes. At one end of the tube, a high voltage is applied across two electrodes, causing a beam of particles to flow from the cathode (negatively charged) to the anode (positively charged). Cathode ray tubes are vacuum-sealed glass tubes with the majority of the air removed. Thomson started experimenting with cathode ray tubes. ![]()
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